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terça-feira, 14 de agosto de 2007

•Castanha do Pará → Alison

A castanha-do-pará, ou castanha-do-brasil é a semente da castanheira-do-Pará (Bertholletia excelsa) uma árvore da família botânica Lecythidaceae e nativa da Floresta Amazônica. É um fruto com alto teor calórico e protéico, além disso contém o elemento selênio que combate os radicais livres e muitos estudos o recomendam para a prevenção do câncer (cancro ou tumor).


Reino: Plantae




Divisão: Magnoliophyta




Classe: Magnoliopsida




Ordem: Ericales




Família: Lecythidaceae




Gênero: Bertholetia




Espécie: B. excelsa




Castanha com casca




É altamente consumida pela população local in natura, torrada, ou na forma de farinhas, doces e sorvetes. Sua casca é muito resistente e requer grande esforço para ser extraída manualmente.A castanheira (Bertholletia excelsa H.B.K) é conhecida também como castanha-do-Brasil e castanha-do-Pará e Brazil nut ou Para nut. Na 3ª Convenção mundial de Frutos Secos ocorrida 92 em Manaus, com a participação de mais de 300 empresários, convencionou-se chamá-la de castanha-da-Amazônia.




Após a decadência da borracha, a castanha-do-Brasil passou a constituir o principal produto extrativo para exportação da Região Norte do Brasil, na categoria de produtos básicos. A exploração de exemplares nativos desta árvore é protegida por lei (Decreto 1282 de 19 de outubro de 1994) e seu fruto tem elevado valor econômico como produto extrativo florestal, mas não impede seu plantio com a finalidade de reflorestamento tanto em plantios puros quanto em sistemas consorciados. Contudo, o avanço da fronteira agrícola na Amazônia vem reduzindo progressivamente o extrativismo da castanha; sua derrubada pelas frentes de penetração da madeira e da pecuária, empurrou para áreas cada vez mais distantes os intermediários entre o coletador e os donos das usinas de beneficiamento.




A castanheira apresenta várias aplicações: a) "ouriços" como combustível ou na confecção de objetos, mas o maior valor é a amêndoa, alimento rico em proteínas, lipídios e vitaminas podendo ser consumida ou usada para extração de óleo; b) do resíduo da extração do óleo obtém-se torta ou farelo usada como misturas em farinhas ou rações; c) "leite" de castanha, que é de grande valor na culinária regional; c) madeira com boas propriedades, sendo indicada para reflorestamento e empregada tanto na construção civil como naval.




O beneficiamento pode ou não ser feito. As castanhas com casca podem ser vendidas desidratadas ou semi desidratadas ou ainda a granel (sem beneficiamento). As castanhas sem casca (amêndoas) são obtidas quebrando-se manualmente e podem ser vendidas com ou sem película. Devido ao formato irregular, há uma grande porcentagem que se quebra (Vianna, 1972).Segundo Sant’Anna (1985), aproximadamente 10% delas se quebram, reduzindo seu valor comercial a apenas 60%do das castanhas perfeitas e a utilização dessa quantidade, bem como parte da produção na forma de subprodutos, é alternativa para o aproveitamento dessa matéria-prima de alto valor agroindustrial. Yokoya et al. (1971) consideram que o armazenamento e a conservação da castanha-do-pará constituem os problemas mais importantes para sua comercialização.




A castanha somente poderá ocupar um local de destaque na pauta de exportações e de mercado interno a partir do momento em que houver uma política de estímulo destinada ao produtor extrativista, mantendo o homem na floresta e aumentando a produção extrativista.

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